Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of disorders including kidney diseases. Recent advances have shown that neural pathways are able to regulate immunity and inflammation. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a well-studied neural circuit involving the vagus nerve that is thought to contribute to the response to inflammatory disorders. Indeed, we have so far elucidated the renal protective effect of vagus nerve stimulation and the importance of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in macrophages, and we identified novel factors existing downstream of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Furthermore, we found that sympathetic nerves are important for the renal protective and anti-inflammatory effects of C1 neurons in the medulla oblongata, and that macrophages exert anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects through β2 adrenergic receptors. In this session, I will briefly show anti-inflammatory and organ protection mechanisms mediated by the autonomic-immune system. In particular, I will present the latest findings including the data obtained by single cell RNA-seq and I would like to discuss them with you.