Roxadustat (Rox) is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitor. HIF activating agents may be abused for doping; however, there is limited information regarding their doping effects. We herein investigated the effects of Rox on exercise performance in trained male and female FVB/N mice. Mice were loaded with forced wheel running for one hour 5 times a week. Rox (70 mg/kg) was administered 3 times a week for three weeks to one group and vehicle to the other group. Exercise performance was evaluated once a week as the number of arrivals at the halfway line of a flow rate-adjustable swimming pool. The Rox treatment significantly increased serum iron levels, but not hematocrit levels in mice. At 3 weeks of administration, the blood lactate levels immediately after forced wheel running were significantly lower in the Rox group, compared to the control group, regardless of gender. On the other hand, the Rox treatment significantly increased the number of arrivals on the forced swimming test in female mice only. These results suggested that the enhancing effect of Rox on exercise performance in mice was sex-specific, and that erythropoiesis was not related to this effect.