Astrocytes are actively involved in the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the brain. Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is considered to be crucial for the regulation of astrocytic functions. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 (IP3R2)-knockout (KO) mice are reportedly devoid of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling, and thus widely used to explore the significance of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling. However, functional deficits in IP3R2-KO mice have been found in some reports, but not in others. To address this controversy, we re-evaluated the assumption that Ca2+ release from the ER is abolished in IP3R2-KO astrocytes. We expressed the ER luminal Ca2+ indicator G-CEPIA1er in astrocytes to directly visualize Ca2+ release from the ER. We found attenuated but significant Ca2+ release in response to application of norepinephrine to IP3R2-KO astrocytes. This IP3R2-independent Ca2+ release induced only minimal cytosolic Ca2+ transients but induced robust Ca2+ increases in mitochondria that are frequently in close contact with the ER. These results indicate that ER Ca2+ release is retained and is sufficient to increase the Ca2+ concentration in close proximity to the ER in IP3R2-KO astrocytes.

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