The functions of the lower urinary tract (LUT), to store and periodically release urine, are dependent on the activity of smooth and striated muscles in the urinary bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter. This activity is in turn coordinated by neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS). Various neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, excitatory and inhibitory amino acids have been implicated in the CNS regulation of the LUT. Injuries or diseases of the CNS such as cerebral infarction, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, as well as psychological stress or depression, can produce LUT dysfunctions leading to storage and voiding LUT symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, pain and incontinence or inefficient voiding and urinary retention. The recent research advancement in the field of CNS neuro-urology has led to the emergence of new concepts regarding neural control of the LUT and the etiology of LUT dysfunction. In this symposium, I will overview the recent advancement towards the identification of disease-related changes in receptor function and new delivery systems such as gene therapy techniques, which could lead to the future treatment of LUT dysfunction.